合同翻译注意事项。合同本身就是一种很严谨的文体,特别是对于英文合同 ,更是需要考虑很多细节 。本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例,从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼 、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。\x0d\\x0d\一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词\x0d\\x0d\商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时 ,有些词语要用公文语词语 、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语惯用副词通常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量 。\x0d\\x0d\实际上 ,这种公文语惯用副词为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there 、where等副词分别加上after、by、in 、of、on、to 、under、upon、with等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如:\x0d\\x0d\从此以后 、今后:hereafter; \x0d\此后、以后:thereafter;在其上:thereon、thereupon;在其下:thereunder;对于这个:hereto;对于那个:whereto;在上文:herein\x0d\ above 、herein before;在下文:herein after、herein below;在上文中、在上一部分中:therein \x0d\before;在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.\x0d\\x0d\现用两个实例 ,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。\x0d\\x0d\例1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效 。This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.\x0d\\x0d\例2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。The undersigned \x0d\hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more \x0d\appropriate are made in China.\x0d\\x0d\二 、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语\x0d\\x0d\英译商务合同时,常常由于选词不当而致词不达意或者意思模棱两可 ,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一,现把常用且易混淆的七对词语 ,用典型实例论述如下 。\x0d\\x0d\2.1 shipping advice 与 shipping instructions\x0d\\x0d\shipping advice \x0d\是“装运通知 ”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而 shipping instructions \x0d\则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与 \x0d\vendee(买主) ,consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人) 。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。\x0d\\x0d\2.2 abide by 与 comply with\x0d\\x0d\abide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思.但是当主语是“人 ”时,英译“遵守”须用 abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用 comply with 英译“遵守” 。\x0d\\x0d\例 3:双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。\x0d\\x0d\Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.\x0d\\x0d\2.3 change A to B 与 change A into B\x0d\\x0d\英译“把 A 改为 B”用“change A to B ”,英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”用“change A into B” ,两者不可混淆。\x0d\\x0d\例 4:交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币 。\x0d\\x0d\Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.\x0d\\x0d\2.4 ex 与 per\x0d\\x0d\源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来 ”的货物时用 ex,由某轮船“运走”的货物用 Per,而由某轮船“承运”用 by。\x0d\\x0d\例 5:由“维多利亚 ”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10 月 1 日抵达伦敦。\x0d\\x0d\The last batch per/ex/by S.S. Victoria will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship)\x0d\\x0d\2.5 in 与 after\x0d\\x0d\当英译“多少天之后”的时间时 ,往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天,所以必须用介词 in,而不能用 after ,因为介词 after 指的是“多少天之后 ”的不确切的任何一天 。\x0d\\x0d\例 6:该货于 11 月 10 日由“东风”轮运出,41 天后抵达鹿特丹港。\x0d\\x0d\The good shall be shipped per M.V. Dong Feng\x0d\ on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 140 days. (M.V.= \x0d\motor vessel)\x0d\\x0d\2.6 on/upon 与 after\x0d\\x0d\当英译“到后,就”时 ,用介词 on/upon,而不用 after,因为 after 表示“之后 ”的时间不明确。\x0d\\x0d\例 7:发票货值须货到付给 。\x0d\\x0d\The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.\x0d\\x0d\2.7 by 与 before\x0d\\x0d\当英译终止时间时 ,比如“在某月某日之前”,如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止 ,就要用介词 before。\x0d\\x0d\例 8:卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。\x0d\\x0d\The vendor shall deliver the goods to the \x0d\vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16,说明含 6 月 15 日在内 。如果不含 6 月 15 日,就译为 \x0d\by June 14 或者 before June 15。)\x0d\\x0d\三、慎重处理合同的关键细目\x0d\\x0d\实践证明 ,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说,不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目 。比如:金钱 、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错 ,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。\x0d\\x0d\3.1 限定责任\x0d\\x0d\众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任 。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围 ,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。\x0d\\x0d\3.1.1 and/or\x0d\\x0d\常用and/or英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。\x0d\\x0d\例9:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责The \x0d\shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship \x0d\and/or cargo on board.\x0d\\x0d\3.1.2 by and between\x0d\\x0d\常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的 ,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋予的责任 。\x0d\\x0d\例10:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。This Contract \x0d\is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer \x0d\agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned \x0d\commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.\x0d\\x0d\3.2 限定时间\x0d\\x0d\英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间 。\x0d\\x0d\3.2.1 双介词\x0d\\x0d\用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。\x0d\\x0d\例11;自9月2O日起 ,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。Party A shall be \x0d\unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and \x0d\after September 20.\x0d\\x0d\例12:我公司的条件是,3个月内,即不得晚于5月1日 ,支付现金 。Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.\x0d\\x0d\3.2.2not(no) later than\x0d\\x0d\用“not(no) later than+日期 ”英译“不迟于某月某日”。\x0d\\x0d\例13:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。Party B \x0d\shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this \x0d\Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.\x0d\\x0d\3.2.3 include的相应形式\x0d\\x0d\常用include的相应形式:inclusive、including和included ,来限定含当日在内的时间 。\x0d\\x0d\例14:本证在北京议付,有效期至1月1日。This credit expires \x0d\till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or: This credit \x0d\expires till and including January1 for negotiation in \x0d\Beijing.)如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为till and not including January 1。\x0d\\x0d\3.3 限定金额\x0d\\x0d\为避免金额数量的差漏 、伪造或涂改 ,英译时常用以下措施严格把关 。\x0d\\x0d\3.3.1.大写文字重复金额\x0d\\x0d\英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写 ,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写 ”;在最后加上“ONLY”。意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致 。\x0d\\x0d\例16:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).\x0d\\x0d\3.3.2.正确使用货币符号\x0d\\x0d\英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$ ”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑 ”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币 。\x0d\\x0d\必须注意:当金额用数字书写时 ,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can$891,568 不能写成:Can$891,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(,) ,因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。
英国的盖伊·福克斯节日(Guy Fawkes)是指什么?为何烧盖伊·福克斯的雕像?
cause的读音是:英[k?z] 。
cause的读音是:英[k?z]。cause的详尽释义是n.(名词)原因 ,起因,缘故,理由事业动机 ,目的,目标根据理想律诉讼,诉讼事由 ,诉讼程序事项,事件,问题主张,主义运动。cause的词语用法是n.(名词)cause用作名词的基本意思是“原因,起因”,指产生一种后果的起因,也可指导致某事情发生的人或事物 ,是可数名词 。
一、详尽释义点此查看cause的详细内容
n.(名词)原因,起因,缘故 ,理由事业动机,目的,目标根据理想律诉讼 ,诉讼事由,诉讼程序事项,事件 ,问题主张,主义运动v.(动词)成为...的原因,起因于惹起使遭受给...带来 ,致使,造成产生,使产生酿成,制造找、添 、惹(出麻烦)闹(事)使 ,逼导致,使发生,引起二、英英释义
Noun:events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something;"they are trying to determine the cause of the crash"
a justification for something existing or happening;"he had no cause to complain"
"they had good reason to rejoice"
a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end;"he supported populist campaigns"
"they worked in the cause of world peace"
"the team was ready for a drive toward the pennant"
"the movement to end slavery"
"contributed to the war effort"
any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results
a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy;"the family brought suit against the landlord"
Verb:give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally;"cause a commotion"
"make a stir"
"cause an accident"
cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner;"The ads induced me to buy a VCR"
"My children finally got me to buy a computer"
"My wife made me buy a new sofa"
三、词典解释
1.(常指坏事的)原因 ,诱因
Thecause of an event, usually a bad event, is the thing that makes it happen.
e.g. Smoking is the biggest preventablecause of death and disease...
在可以预防的引发死亡和疾病的因素当中,吸烟排在第一位。
e.g. The causes are a complex blend of local and national tensions.
原因很复杂,既有地方性冲突也有全国范围的紧张局势。
2.引起;导致
Tocause something, usually something bad, means to make it happen.
e.g. Attempts to limit family size among some minorities are likely tocause problems...
试图在某些少数民族地区限制生育可能会引起问题 。
e.g. This was a genuine mistake, but it didcause me some worry.
这是好心办错事 ,可是确实让我担心了一阵子。
3.理由;缘由
If you havecause for a particular feeling or action, you have good reasons for feeling it or doing it.
cause
e.g. Only a few people can find anycause for celebration...
只有少数几个人能找到庆祝的理由。
e.g. Both had muchcause to be grateful for the secretiveness of government in Britain.
双方都有充分的理由对英国政府的行事隐秘深表感激。
4.事业;追求;目标;理想
Acause is an aim or principle which a group of people supports or is fighting for.
e.g. Refusing to have one leader has not helped thecause.
拒绝推举一名领导者对此项事业毫无帮助 。
5.因果;因果关系
You usecause and effect to talk about the way in which one thing is caused by another.
e.g. ...fundamental laws of biologicalcause and effect.
生物学上因果关系的根本法则
6.(为了特定目的)与…联手,与…配合
If one group of peoplemakes common cause with another, they act together in order to achieve a particular aim even though their aims and beliefs are normally very different.
e.g. They make commoncause for a few purposes, but for the most part, they pursue their own interests.
他们因为几个目的而联手,可是多数情况下 ,他们追逐着各自的利益。
7.为了公益事业;为了行善
If you say that something isin a good cause orfor a good cause, you mean that it is worth doing or giving to because it will help other people, for example by raising money for charity.
e.g. The Raleigh International Bike Ride is open to anyone who wants to raise money for a goodcause.
想要为公益事业筹集资金的人都可以参加雷利国际自行车比赛。
四 、例句
Smoking can cause lung cancer.
吸烟可致肺癌 。
She is always causing trouble for people.
她总是给人添麻烦。
Police are investigating the causes of the explosion.
警方正在调查爆炸的原因。
You have no cause for complaint.
你没有理由抱怨 。
World peace is a cause we should all work for.
争取世界和平是一项我们都应该为之而努力的事业。
She is willing to donate money to a worthy cause.
她愿为高尚的事业捐款。
五、常用短语
用作名词(n.)give cause给予…的理由 find a excuse (for sth)
good cause高尚的目标 undertaking that deserves support
lost cause败局已定的事业 undertaking that is bound to fail
make common cause with和…合作; 和…联合起来 cooperate with sb/sth; gang up
六、经典引文
The greatest events may be often traced to slender causes.
出自:S. JohnsonBruno is buried, and his death from natural causes duly certified.
出自:G. B. ShawThe sound of it falling must have been the cause of my waking.
出自:H. InnesShe caused them be led..Into a bowre.
出自:SpenserCould not this man..have caused that even this man should not have died?
出自:Bible (AV): JohnA Drench of Wine..the Patient's Death did cause.
出自:DrydenThe visitor pressed an electric button that caused a glass wall to roll back.
出自:C. BeatonA cruel satirical short story, which..caused me great pain.
出自:L. Durrell七、词源解说
☆ 13世纪初期进入英语,直接源自拉丁语的causa,意为原因 ,法律程序 。cause的相关近义词
creation 、ground、occasion、origin 、reason、aim、object 、purpose、bring about、give rise to 、originate
cause的相关临近词
causeway、causation、causer 、Causel、caused、causes、causey 、Causepe、Causeur、causeuse 、Causeret、causerie
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本文概览:合同翻译注意事项。合同本身就是一种很严谨的文体,特别是对于英文合同,更是需要考虑很多细节。本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例,从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手...
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